Gunung Api ring Indonésia
Indonésia wantah negara sané madué gunung pinih akéh ring guminé. Kirang langkung 500 gunung api kasebar ring sajebag Indonésia.
Kelompok Géograpis[uah | uah wit]
Sumatra[uah | uah wit]
- Wit
- Global Volcanism Program.[1]
Selat Sunda miwah jawa[uah | uah wit]
Kepulauan Sunda Kecil[uah | uah wit]
- Wit
- Global Volcanism Program.[5]
Laut Banda[uah | uah wit]
Wastan | Wentuk | Tegeh | Letusan terakhir (VEI) | Geolokasi |
---|---|---|---|---|
Emperor of China | bawah laut | −2,850 méter (−9,350 ft) | Nénten kauningang | 6°37′S 124°13′E / 6.62°S 124.22°E |
Nieuwerkerk | bawah laut | −2,285 méter (−7,497 ft) | Nénten kauningang | 6°36′00″S 124°40′30″E / 6.60°S 124.675°E |
Gunung api Wetar | stratovulkan | 282 méter (925 ft) | 1699 (3) | 6°38′31″S 126°39′00″E / 6.642°S 126.65°E |
Wurlali | stratovulkan | 868 méter (2,848 ft) | 3 Juni 1892 (2) | 7°07′30″S 128°40′30″E / 7.125°S 128.675°E |
Teon | stratovulkan | 655 méter (2,149 ft) | 3 Juni 1904 (2) | 6°55′12″S 129°07′30″E / 6.92°S 129.125°E |
Nila | stratovulkan | 781 méter (2,562 ft) | 7 Méi 1968 (1) | 6°44′S 129°30′E / 6.73°S 129.50°E |
Serua | stratovulkan | 641 méter (2,103 ft) | 18 Séptémber 1921 (2) | 6°18′S 130°00′E / 6.30°S 130.00°E |
Manuk | stratovulkan | 282 méter (925 ft) | Nénten kauningang | 5°31′48″S 130°17′31″E / 5.53°S 130.292°E |
Banda Api | kaldera | 640 méter (2,100 ft) | 9 Méi 1988 (3) | 4°31′30″S 129°52′16″E / 4.525°S 129.871°E |
Wit: Global Volcanism Program.[6]
Sulawesi miwah Kepulauan Sangihe[uah | uah wit]
Wit: Global Volcanism Program.[7][8]
Halmahera[uah | uah wit]
Wit: Global Volcanism Program.[9]
Lis Letusan[uah | uah wit]
Tanggal letusan | Gunung api | Tanggal berhenti | VEI | Karakteristik | Tsunami | Volume tefrit | Korban diri | Sumber |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3 Nopémber 2010 | Merapi | 8 Nopémber 2010 | 4 | cv,pf,ld,lm | tidak | N/A | 138 | [10] |
10 Pébruari 1990 | Kelud | Maret 1990 | 4 | cv,cl,pf,ph,ld,lm | tidak | 0.13 km³ | 35 | [11] |
18 Juli 1983 | Colo | Désémber 1983 | 4 | cv,pf,ph | tidak | N/A | 0 | [11] |
5 April 1982 | Galunggung | 8 Januari 1983 | 4 | cv,pf,lf,lm | tidak | 0.37 km³ + | 68 | [12][13] |
6 Oktober 1972 | Merapi | Maret 1985 | 2 | cv,pf,lf,ld,lm | tidak | 0.021 km³ | 29 | [10] |
26 April 1966 | Kelud | 27 April 1966 | 4 | cv,cl,pf,lm | tidak | 0.089 km³ | 212 | [11] |
17 Maret 1963 | Agung | 27 Januari 1964 | 5 | cv,pf,lf,lm | tidak | 1 km³ | 1,148 | [14] |
31 Agustus 1951 | Kelud | 31 Agustus 1951 | 4 | cv,cl,pf,lm | tidak | 0.2 km³ | 7 | [11] |
25 Nopémber 1930 | Merapi | Séptémber 1931 | 3 | cv,rf,pf,lf,ld,lm | tidak | 0.0017 km³ | 1,369 | [10] |
19 Méi 1919 | Kelud | 20 Méi 1919 | 4 | cv,cl,pf,lm | tidak | 0.19 km³ | 5,110 | [11] |
7 Juni 1892 | Awu | 12 Juni 1892 | 3 | cv,pf,lm | ya | N/A | 1,532 | [15] |
26 Agustus 1883 | Krakatau | Pébruari 1884 | 6 | cv,se,pf,fa,lm,cc | 15–42 m | 5–8.5 km³ | 36,600 | [14][16][17] |
15 April 1872 | Merapi | 21 April 1872 | 4 | cv,pf | tidak | 0.33 km³ | 200 | [10] |
2 Maret 1856 | Awu | 17 Maret 1856 | 3 | cv,pf,lm | ya | 0.51±0.50 km³ | 2,806 | [15] |
8 Oktober 1822 | Galunggung | Désémber 1822 | 5 | cv,pf,ld,lm | tidak | 1 km³ + | 4,011 | [11] |
10 April 1815 | Gunung Tambora | 15 Juli 1815 | 7 | cv,pf,cc | 1–2 m | 160 km³ | 71,000+ | [18][19] |
6 Agustus 1812 | Awu | 8 Agustus 1812 | 4 | cv,pf,lm | tidak | 0.55±0.50 km³ | 963 | [15] |
12 Agustus 1772 | Papandayan | 12 Agustus 1772 | 3 | cv,ph | tidak | N/A | 2,957 | [20] |
4 Agustus 1672 | Merapi | tidak diketahui | 3 | cv,pf,lm | tidak | N/A | 3,000 | [10] |
1586 | Kelud | tidak diketahui | 5 | cf,cl,lm | tidak | 1 km³ + | 10,000 | [11] |
SM | ≈ 74,000Toba | tidak diketahui | 8 | pf,lf,cc | mungkin | 2,800 km³ | hampir memusnahkan
populasi manusia |
[21] |
Jumlah korban diri masumber saking Survei Vulkanologi Indonésia,[22] lanTanguy et al. (1998).[23]
cutetan: cv= letusan ventilasi sentral, pf=aliran piroklastik, lf=aliran lava, lm=lumpur lahar, cl=letusan danau kawah, ph=letusan freatik, ld=ekstrusi kubah lava, cc=keruntuhan kaldera, se=letusan bawah laut, fa=aktivitas fumarol, rf=letusan celah radial.
Pustaka[uah | uah wit]
- ↑ "Volcanoes of Indonésia - Sumatra". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Kaaksés 2006-11-17.
- ↑ "Mount Merapi Erupts". ANTARA. 18 November 2013. Kaaksés 2013-11-19.
- ↑ "Volcanoes of Indonésia - Krakatau". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Kaaksés 2006-11-17.
- ↑ "Volcanoes of Indonésia - Java". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Kaaksés 2006-11-17.
- ↑ "Volcanoes of Indonésia - Lesser Sunda Islands". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Kaarsipin saking versi asli tanggal 2017-11-08. Kaaksés 2006-11-17.
- ↑ "Volcanoes of Indonésia - Banda Sea". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Kaaksés 2006-11-17.
- ↑ "Volcanoes of Indonésia - Sulawesi". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Kaarsipin saking versi asli tanggal 2006-12-30. Kaaksés 2006-11-17.
- ↑ "Volcanoes of Indonésia - Sangihe Islands". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Kaarsipin saking versi asli tanggal 2006-12-30. Kaaksés 2006-11-17.
- ↑ "Volcanoes of Indonésia - Halmahera". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Kaaksés 2006-11-17.
- ↑ 10,0 10,1 10,2 10,3 10,4 "Merapi Eruptive History". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Kaarsipin saking versi asli tanggal 2007-08-20. Kaaksés 2006-12-19.
- ↑ 11,0 11,1 11,2 11,3 11,4 11,5 11,6 "Large Holocene Eruptions". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Kaarsipin saking versi asli tanggal 2012-01-17. Kaaksés 2006-12-18.
- ↑ Katili, J.A. and Sudradjat, A. (1984). "Galunggung: the 1982-1983 eruption". Volcanology Survei Indonésia: 102.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ↑ "Galunggung, Java, Indonésia". Volcano World. Department of Geosciences at OrÉgon State University. Kaarsipin saking versi asli tanggal 2008-06-16. Kaaksés 2006-12-30.
- ↑ 14,0 14,1 Michael R. Rampino and Stephen Self (1982). "Historic eruptions of Tambora (1815), Krakatau (1883), and Agung (1963), their stratospheric aerosols, and climatic impact". Quaternary Research. 18 (2): 127–143. Bibcode:1982QuRes..18..127R. doi:10.1016/0033-5894(82)90065-5.
- ↑ 15,0 15,1 15,2 "Awu's Eruptive History". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Kaarsipin saking versi asli tanggal 2007-07-07. Kaaksés 2006-12-31.
- ↑ Winchester, Simon (2003). Krakatoa: The Day the World Exploded: 8 27, 1883. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-621285-5.
- ↑ B.H. Choi, E. Pelinovsky, K.O. Kim and J.S. Lee (2003). "Simulation of the trans-oceanic tsunami propagation due to the 1883 Krakatau volcanic eruption" (PDF). Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences. 3 (5): 321–332. doi:10.5194/nhess-3-321-2003. Kaarsipin saking versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2006-09-12. Kaaksés 2020-07-22.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ↑ Stothers, Richard B. (1984). "The Great Tambora Eruption in 1815 and Its Aftermath". Science. 224 (4654): 1191–1198. doi:10.1126/science.224.4654.1191. PMID 17819476. Unknown parameter
|biSMode=
ignored (help) - ↑ Oppenheimer, Clive (2003). "Climatic, environmental and human consequences of the largest known historic eruption: Tambora volcano (Indonesia) 1815". Progress in Physical Geography. 27 (2): 230–259. doi:10.1191/0309133303pp379ra.
- ↑ "The Deadliest Eruptions". Volcano World. Department of Geosciences at OrÉgon State University. Kaaksés 2009-03-15.[permanent dead link]
- ↑ Oppenheimer, C. (2002). "Limited global change due to the largest known Quaternary eruption, Toba ≈74 kyr BP?". Quaternary Science Reviews. 21 (14–15): 1593–1609. doi:10.1016/S0277-3791(01)00154-8. Unknown parameter
|biSMode=
ignored (help) - ↑ "Centre of Volcanology & Geological Hazard Mitigation". Volcanological Survey of Indonésia. Kaarsipin saking versi asli tanggal 2006-12-16. Kaaksés 2006-12-31.
- ↑ J.-C. Tanguy, Ch. Ribière, A. Scarth and W.S. Tjetjep (1998). "Victims from volcanic eruptions: a revised database". Bulletin of Volcanology. 60 (2): 137–144. Bibcode:1998BVol...60..137T. doi:10.1007/s004450050222.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)[permanent dead link]
Cingak malih[uah | uah wit]
Pranala jaba[uah | uah wit]
- (Indonésia)Volcanological Survey Indonesia
- (Inggris)Indonesian Volcanoes and mountains of Indonesia
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