Basa Sansekerta

Basa Sanskerta
	संस्कृतम्; Saṃskṛtam; Saṁskrtavāk
	Saṃskṛtam rign aksara Déwanagari
Pengucapan	Mal:IPA-sa
Kaanggén ring	Asia
Wawengkon	India Agung (India miwah Indonésia sareng makudang-kudang wewidangan liyanan ring Asia Kelod miwah Asia Kelod Kangin)
Era	Abad Milenium ke-2 SM – 600 SM (Basa Sanskerta Weda);; 600 SM-mangkin(Basa Sanskerta Klasik)
Kaluwarga basa	Indo-Éropa Indo-Iran Indo-Arya Basa Sanskerta; ; ;
Basa sadurungnyané	Sanskerta Weda
Sistim Panyuratan	Aslinyane dados basa lisan. Nenten wénten aksara sané resmi antuk basa puniki; nanging ring milenium kapertama Masehi, basa puniki kasurat ring aksara berumpun Brahmi.
Status resmi
Basa minoritas; ring	India (Bahasa Jadwal Kedelapan)
Kode basa
ISO 639-1	sa
ISO 639-2	san
ISO 639-3	san

Basa Sansekerta (संस्कृतम्, anggén aksara Latin: saṃskṛtam, kaucapang [sɐ̃skɽɪtɐm]) inggih punika basa India kuna sané lantang babadnyané kirang-langkung 3.500 warsa.^[4]^[5] Sansekerta masoroh basa-basa Indo-Arya.^[4] Sansekerta inggih punika basa suratan indik agama miwah filosofi Hindu miwah suratan akéh kakawian agama Buddha miwah Jain miwah dados lingua franca India kuna.^[6]^[7] Ring pangawit abad ka-1 M, Sansekerta ibéh ka Asia Kelod Kangin,^[8] Asia Timur^[9] miwah Asia Tengah^[10] sareng agama Buddha miwah Hindu, pinaka basa budaya luhur miwah basa sané kaanggén olih élit sané nitah wawidangan-wawidangan punika.^[11]^[12] Sansekerta pinaka basa kasurat ngawitin ring abad ka-2 SM saking Rigveda.

Pustaka[uah | uah wit]

↑ Uta Reinöhl (2016). Grammaticalization and the Rise of Configurationality in Indo-Aryan. Oxford University Press. pp. xiv, 1–16. ISBN 978-0-19-873666-0.
↑ Jain, Dhanesh (2007). "Sociolinguistics of the Indo-Aryan languages". Ring George Cardona; Dhanesh Jain (eds.). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Routledge. pp. 47–66, 51. ISBN 978-1-135-79711-9. Dalam sejarah Indo-Arya, penulisan merupakan perkembangan selanjutnya dan pengadopsiannya lambat bahkan di zaman modern. Kata tertulis pertama datang kepada kita melalui prasasti Asoka yang berasal dari abad ketiga SM. Awalnya, Brahmi digunakan untuk menulis Prakrit (MIA); untuk bahasa Sanskerta (OIA) itu digunakan hanya empat abad kemudian (Masica 1991: 135). Tradisi MIA dari teks Buddhis dan Jain menunjukkan penghargaan yang lebih besar terhadap kata-kata tertulis daripada tradisi Brahmana OIA, meskipun tulisan tersedia untuk orang Indo-Arya Kuno.
↑ Salomon, Richard (2007). "The Writing Systems of the Indo-Aryan Languages". Ring George Cardona; Dhanesh Jain (eds.). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Routledge. pp. 67–102. ISBN 978-1-135-79711-9. Meskipun dalam penggunaan modern bahasa Sansekerta paling sering ditulis atau dicetak dalam bahasa Nagari, secara teori, bahasa ini dapat diwakili oleh hampir semua aksara berbasis Brahmi utama, dan dalam praktiknya sering demikian. Oleh karena itu, aksara seperti Gujarati, Bangla, dan Oriya, serta aksara utama India selatan, secara tradisional telah dan masih sering digunakan di wilayah yang tepat untuk menulis bahasa Sanskerta. Bahasa Sanskerta, dengan kata lain, tidak secara inheren terkait dengan aksara tertentu, meskipun memiliki hubungan sejarah khusus dengan Nagari.
↑ ^4,0 ^4,1 George Cardona (2012). Sanskrit Language. Encyclopaedia Britannica
↑ Harold G. Coward (1990). The Philosophy of the Grammarians, in Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies Volume 5 (Editor: Karl Potter). Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-81-208-0426-5
↑ Damien Keown; Charles S. Prebish (2013). Encyclopedia of Buddhism. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-136-98595-9
↑ A. M. Ruppel (2017). The Cambridge Introduction to Sanskrit. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-08828-3
↑ Ramesh Chandra Majumdar (1974). Study of Sanskrit in South-East Asia. Sanskrit College
↑ Charles Orzech; Henrik Sørensen; Richard Payné (2011). Esoteric Buddhism and the Tantras in East Asia. BRILL Academic. pp. 985–996. ISBN 978-90-04-18491-6
↑ Banerji, Sures (1989). A companion to Sanskrit literature: spanning a period of over three thousand years, containing brief accounts of authors, works, characters, technical terms, geographical names, myths, legends, and several appendices. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-0063-2
↑ Michael C. Howard (2012). Transnationalism in Ancient and Medieval Societies: The Role of Cross-Border Trade and Travel. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-9033-2
↑ Sheldon Pollock (2009). The Language of the Gods in the World of Men: Sanskrit, Culture, and Power in Premodern India. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-26003-0

Cutetan[uah | uah wit]

↑ "Sebagai kesimpulan, ada indikasi sistemik dan paleografis yang kuat bahwa aksara Brahmi berasal dari prototipe Semit, yang, terutama berdasarkan sejarah, kemungkinan besar adalah bahasa Aram. Namun, perincian masalah ini masih harus diselesaikan, dan dalam kasus apa pun, tidak mungkin derivasi lengkap huruf demi huruf dapat dilakukan; karena Brahmi mungkin lebih merupakan adaptasi dan pemodelan ulang, daripada turunan langsung, dari dugaan prototipe Semit, mungkin di bawah pengaruh tradisi analisis fonetik India yang sudah ada sebelumnya. Namun, hipotesis Semit tidak begitu kuat untuk mengesampingkan kemungkinan kecil bahwa penemuan lebih lanjut dapat mengubah gambaran secara drastis. Secara khusus, hubungan semacam itu, mungkin sebagian atau tidak langsung, dengan aksara prasejarah Lembah Indus tidak boleh dianggap sepenuhnya mustahil." Salomon 1998, p. 30

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Lis pustaka[uah | uah wit]

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[1] Uta Reinöhl (2016). Grammaticalization and the Rise of Configurationality in Indo-Aryan. Oxford University Press. pp. xiv, 1–16. ISBN 978-0-19-873666-0.

[JainCardona2007-script1-3] Jain, Dhanesh (2007). "Sociolinguistics of the Indo-Aryan languages". Ring George Cardona; Dhanesh Jain (eds.). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Routledge. pp. 47–66, 51. ISBN 978-1-135-79711-9. Dalam sejarah Indo-Arya, penulisan merupakan perkembangan selanjutnya dan pengadopsiannya lambat bahkan di zaman modern. Kata tertulis pertama datang kepada kita melalui prasasti Asoka yang berasal dari abad ketiga SM. Awalnya, Brahmi digunakan untuk menulis Prakrit (MIA); untuk bahasa Sanskerta (OIA) itu digunakan hanya empat abad kemudian (Masica 1991: 135). Tradisi MIA dari teks Buddhis dan Jain menunjukkan penghargaan yang lebih besar terhadap kata-kata tertulis daripada tradisi Brahmana OIA, meskipun tulisan tersedia untuk orang Indo-Arya Kuno.

[JainCardona2007-script2-4] Salomon, Richard (2007). "The Writing Systems of the Indo-Aryan Languages". Ring George Cardona; Dhanesh Jain (eds.). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Routledge. pp. 67–102. ISBN 978-1-135-79711-9. Meskipun dalam penggunaan modern bahasa Sansekerta paling sering ditulis atau dicetak dalam bahasa Nagari, secara teori, bahasa ini dapat diwakili oleh hampir semua aksara berbasis Brahmi utama, dan dalam praktiknya sering demikian. Oleh karena itu, aksara seperti Gujarati, Bangla, dan Oriya, serta aksara utama India selatan, secara tradisional telah dan masih sering digunakan di wilayah yang tepat untuk menulis bahasa Sanskerta. Bahasa Sanskerta, dengan kata lain, tidak secara inheren terkait dengan aksara tertentu, meskipun memiliki hubungan sejarah khusus dengan Nagari.

[George_Cardona_2012-5] 4,0 ^4,1 George Cardona (2012). Sanskrit Language. Encyclopaedia Britannica

[6] Harold G. Coward (1990). The Philosophy of the Grammarians, in Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies Volume 5 (Editor: Karl Potter). Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-81-208-0426-5

[7] Damien Keown; Charles S. Prebish (2013). Encyclopedia of Buddhism. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-136-98595-9

[8] A. M. Ruppel (2017). The Cambridge Introduction to Sanskrit. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-08828-3

[9] Ramesh Chandra Majumdar (1974). Study of Sanskrit in South-East Asia. Sanskrit College

[10] Charles Orzech; Henrik Sørensen; Richard Payné (2011). Esoteric Buddhism and the Tantras in East Asia. BRILL Academic. pp. 985–996. ISBN 978-90-04-18491-6

[11] Banerji, Sures (1989). A companion to Sanskrit literature: spanning a period of over three thousand years, containing brief accounts of authors, works, characters, technical terms, geographical names, myths, legends, and several appendices. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-0063-2

[12] Michael C. Howard (2012). Transnationalism in Ancient and Medieval Societies: The Role of Cross-Border Trade and Travel. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-9033-2

[13] Sheldon Pollock (2009). The Language of the Gods in the World of Men: Sanskrit, Culture, and Power in Premodern India. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-26003-0

[Salomon1998-epigraphy-book-2] "Sebagai kesimpulan, ada indikasi sistemik dan paleografis yang kuat bahwa aksara Brahmi berasal dari prototipe Semit, yang, terutama berdasarkan sejarah, kemungkinan besar adalah bahasa Aram. Namun, perincian masalah ini masih harus diselesaikan, dan dalam kasus apa pun, tidak mungkin derivasi lengkap huruf demi huruf dapat dilakukan; karena Brahmi mungkin lebih merupakan adaptasi dan pemodelan ulang, daripada turunan langsung, dari dugaan prototipe Semit, mungkin di bawah pengaruh tradisi analisis fonetik India yang sudah ada sebelumnya. Namun, hipotesis Semit tidak begitu kuat untuk mengesampingkan kemungkinan kecil bahwa penemuan lebih lanjut dapat mengubah gambaran secara drastis. Secara khusus, hubungan semacam itu, mungkin sebagian atau tidak langsung, dengan aksara prasejarah Lembah Indus tidak boleh dianggap sepenuhnya mustahil." Salomon 1998, p. 30

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