Wiracarita Gilgamesh
 | |
| Kasurat | kr. 2100 – kr. 1200 SM [1] |
|---|---|
| Negara | Mesopotamia |
| Basa | Sujatiné Sumeria, alih basa salanturné ring Akkadia |
| Jenis media | Tablet tanah liat |
| Ngawacen ring Wikisource | Wiracarita Gilgamesh ring Wikisource |
Mal:Mitologi Mesopotamia Mal:Épos Uruk Wiracarita Gilgamesh (Inggris: Epic of Gilgamesh /ˈɡɪlɡəmɛʃ/)[2] inggih punika épos saking Mesopotamia kuna. Babas sastra Gilgamesh kakawitin antuk limang Sumeria puisi indik Gilgamesh (soroh "Bilgames" naenin kaanggep dados wangun Sumeria sadurungnyané[3]), Raja Uruk, makudang-kudang sane minab mawit saking Dinasti Ur Katiga (kr. 2100 SM).[1] Satua-satua indepénden puniki raris kaanggen pinaka lakaran wit antuk épos gabungan ring Akkadia. Soroh kapertama sané kantun maurip saking epik gabungan puniki, sané kaloktah pinaka soroh Babilonia Kuna, mawit saking abad ka-18 SM miwah mamurda risampuné incipit, Shūtur eli sharrī ("Ngalintangin Makasami Raja Lianan"). Wantah akidik tablet sane kantun wenten. Versi Standar Babilonia salanturnyane sane kasusun olih Sîn-lēqi-unninni mawit saking pantaraning abad ka-13 lan ka-10 SM lan madaging incipit Sha naqba īmuru[note 1] ("Ida Sané Manggihin Dalem", lit. "Ida Sane Manggihin Sane Tan Kauningin"). Kirang langkung kalih patiga saking soroh 12 tablét sané langkung sué puniki sampun kapolihang. Makudang-kudang salinan sane pinih becik kapanggihin ring reruntuhan perpustakaan Raja Asur Asurbanipal abad ke-7 SM.
Pahan kapertama carita puniki maosang indik Gilgamesh, raja Uruk, lan Enkidu, manusa liar sane kakaryanin olih para dewata mangda ngreredang Gilgamesh saking nindes rakyatnyane. Sasampune Enkidu dados becik malarapan antuk inisiasi seksual sareng Shamhat, ipun malancaran nuju Uruk, irika ida nantangin Gilgamesh antuk nguji kekuatan. Gilgamesh menang ring pacentokan punika; yadiastun asapunika, makalih dados sawitra. Ipun sareng sami ngamargiang pamargi nem rahina nuju Alas Cedar sane legendaris, irika ipun pamuputnyane ngamademang sang sane ngamong, Humbaba, lan nebas kayu aras sane suci.[5] Déwi Ishtar ngutus Banténg Suargan mangda ngukum Gilgamesh santukan nulak kemajuannyane. Gilgamesh lan Enkidu ngamademang punika, ngahina Ishtar ring prosesnyane. Para dewata mutusang pacang ngukum Enkidu mangda padem antuk ngicenin ipun gering sane ngawinang padem.
Ring pahan kaping kalih epik, kasangsaran antuk sedan Enkidu ngawinang Gilgamesh ngamargiang pamargi sane dawa lan mabaya mangda prasida manggihin rahasia kahuripan langgeng. Pamuputne, dane matemu sareng Utnapishtim lan kurenannyane, manusa sane wantah asiki sane prasida maurip blabar sane kapicu olih para dewa (bandingang Athra-Hasis). Gilgamesh malajah saking ida indik "kahuripan, sane iraga rereh, iraga nenten lakar taen nemuang. Sawireh dugas para dewa nyiptaang manusa, ida ngebialang pati dados bagian idane, lan kauripan katahan ring tangan idane padidi".[6][7]
Epik puniki kabaos pinaka karya dasar ring agama miwah tradisi saga pahlawan, antuk Gilgamesh ngwangun prototipe majeng ring pahlawan salanturnyane sakadi Heracles (Hercules) miwah epik punika dados pingaruh majeng ring Épos Homeros.[8] Puniki sampun kaalih basa ring makudang-kudang basa lan kacihnayang ring makudang-kudang karya fiksi populer.
- 1 2 3 Brandão 2020, p. 23.
- ↑ "Gilgamesh" Archived 13 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.
- ↑ Rubio, Gonzalo (January 2012). "Reading Sumerian Names, II: Gilgameš". Journal of Cuneiform Studies (ring Inggris). 64 (1): 3–16, 8–9. doi:10.5615/jcunestud.64.0003. ISSN 0022-0256.
- ↑ Lins Brandão 2019, p. 21.
- ↑ Krstovic, Jelena O., ed. (2005). Epic of Gilgamesh Classical and Medieval Literature Criticism. 74. Detroit, MI: Gale. ISBN 978-0-7876-8021-3. OCLC 644697404.
- ↑ Thrower, James (1980). The Alternative Tradition: A Study of Unbelief in the Ancient World. The Hague, The Netherlands: Mouton Publishers.
- ↑ Frankfort, Henri (1974) [1949]. "Chapter VII: Mesopotamia: The Good Life". Before Philosophy: The Intellectual Adventure of Ancient Man, an essay on speculative thought in the ancient near East. Penguin. p. 226. OCLC 225040700.
- ↑ Temple, Robert (1991). He who saw everything: a verse translation of the Epic of Gilgamesh. Random Century Group Ltd. pp. viii–ix. ISBN 978-0-7126-4798-4.