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Ukum

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Hukum umat punika seperangkat awig-awig sane kakaryanin lan prasida kalaksanayang olih lembaga sosial utawi pemerintah anggen ngatur parilaksana, [1][2] antuk definisi sane tepat dados pikobet sane sampun sue kaperdebatkan. [3] [4] [5] Sampun mabinayan katelatarang pinaka ilmu [6] [7] lan pinaka seni keadilan. [8] [9] [10] Awig-awig sane kamargiang olih negara prasida kakaryanin olih legislatif, ngawetuang awig-awig ; olih sang malaksana malarapan antuk dekrit miwah pararem ; utawi antuk pamutus hakim, sane dados preseden ring yurisdiksi hukum umum . Otokrat prasida ngamargiang fungsi punika ring wewidangannyane. Pakaryan hukum punika prasida kaiusin olih konstitusi, kasurat utawi meneng, miwah hak-hak sane kakodekan ring tengahnyane. Hukum punika ngwangun politik, ekonomi, sejarah lan masyarakat antuk makudang-kudang cara lan taler mawiguna dados mediator paiketan pantaraning jadma.

Sistem hukum mabinayan pantaraning yurisdiksi, antuk pabinayannyane sane kaanalisis ring hukum komparatif . Ring yurisdiksi hukum sipil, legislatif utawi badan pusat tiosan sane ngamargiang kodifikasi miwah ngukuhang hukum. Ring sistem hukum umum, hakim prasida ngaryanin hukum kasus sane ngiket malarapan antuk preseden, [11] yadiastun ring galah-galah puniki prasida kagentosin olih pengadilan sane tegehan utawi legislatif. [12] Hukum agama kaanggen ring makudang-kudang komunitas agama lan negara, lan sampun manut sejarah ngicenin iusan ring hukum sekuler. [13] [14] [15] [16] [17]

Ruang lingkup hukum prasida kakepah dados kalih domain: hukum publik sane mapaiketan sareng pemerintah lan masyarakat, rumasuk hukum konstitusi, hukum administrasi, lan hukum pidana ; sedengkan hukum swasta mapaiketan sareng wicara hukum pantaraning pihak ring widang-widang sekadi kontrak, arta brana, pelanggaran, delik lan hukum komersial . [18] Pabinayan puniki pinih kukuh ring negara-negara hukum sipil, utamanyane sane madue sistem pengadilan administrasi sane mabinayan ; [19] [20] tungkalikannyane, pabinayan hukum publik-swasta kirang kacingak ring yurisdiksi hukum umum. [21] [22]

Hukum ngicenin sumber penyelidikan ilmiah ring sejarah hukum, [23] filsafat, [24] analisis ekonomi [25] lan sosiologi . [26] Hukum taler ngawetuang pikobet sane mabuat miwah kompleks ngenenin indik pepadan, keadilan, miwah keadilan. [27] [28]

Cingak taler

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Lis pustaka

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  1. ↑ "Hukum". BASAbaliWiki (ring Inggris). 2020-05-02. Kaaksés 2025-05-26.
  2. ↑ Robertson 2006, p. 90.
  3. ↑ Willis 1926.
  4. ↑ Gibbs, Jack P. (1968). "Definitions of Law and Empirical Questions". Law & Society Review. 2 (3): 429–446. doi:10.2307/3052897. ISSN 0023-9216. JSTOR 3052897.
  5. ↑ Akers, Ronald L. (1965). "Toward a Comparative Definition of Law". Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology. 56 (3): 301–306. doi:10.2307/1141239. ISSN 0022-0205. JSTOR 1141239. Kaarsipin saking versi asli tanggal 19 July 2018. Kaaksés 3 January 2020.
  6. ↑ Spooner, Lysander (1882). Natural Law; or The Science of Justice: A Treatise on Natural Law, Natural Justice, Natural Rights, Natural Liberty, and Natural Society; Showing that All Legislation Whatsoever is an Absurdity, a Usurpation, and a Crime. Part First. A. Williams & Co. Kaarsipin saking versi asli tanggal 31 December 2019. Kaaksés 31 December 2019.
  7. ↑ Núñez Vaquero, Álvaro (10 June 2013). "Five Models of Legal Science". Revus. Journal for Constitutional Theory and Philosophy of Law / Revija za ustavno teorijo in filozofijo prava (ring Inggris) (19): 53–81. doi:10.4000/revus.2449. ISSN 1581-7652. Kaarsipin saking versi asli tanggal 31 December 2019. Kaaksés 31 December 2019.
  8. ↑ Cohen 1992.
  9. ↑ Rubin, Basha (13 January 2015). "Is Law an Art or a Science?: A Bit of Both". Forbes. Kaarsipin saking versi asli tanggal 3 November 2018.
  10. ↑ Berger 1953, p. 525.
  11. ↑ Mason, Anthony (1996). "The Judge as Law-maker" (PDF). James Cook University Mayo Lecture. Kaarsipin (PDF) saking versi asli tanggal 31 December 2019. Kaaksés 31 December 2019.
  12. ↑ "Congressional Responses to Judicial Decisions". Encyclopedia of the Supreme Court. Gale MacMillan. 2008. pp. 400–403. Kaarsipin saking versi asli tanggal 31 December 2019. Kaaksés 31 December 2019.
  13. ↑ Berman, Harold J. (1983). "Religious Foundations of Law in the West: An Historical Perspective". Journal of Law and Religion. Cambridge University Press. 1 (1): 3–43. doi:10.2307/1051071. JSTOR 1051071.
  14. ↑ Fox, Jonathan; Sandler, Shmuel (1 April 2005). "Separation of Religion and State in the Twenty-First Century: Comparing the Middle East and Western Democracies". Comparative Politics. 37 (3): 317. doi:10.2307/20072892. JSTOR 20072892.
  15. ↑ Cox, Noel (2001). "Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction in the Church of the Province of Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia". Deakin Law Review. 6 (2): 262. Kaarsipin saking versi asli tanggal 31 December 2019. Kaaksés 31 December 2019.
  16. ↑ Otto, Jan Michiel, ed. (2010). Sharia incorporated: a comparative overview of the legal systems of twelve Muslim countries in past and present. Leiden University Press. ISBN 9789087280574.
  17. ↑ Raisch, Marylin Johnson. "Religious Legal Systems in Comparative Law: A Guide to Introductory Research – GlobaLex". New York University School of Law. Kaarsipin saking versi asli tanggal 31 December 2019. Kaaksés 31 December 2019.
  18. ↑ Horwitz, Morton J. (1 June 1982). "The History of the Public/Private Distinction". University of Pennsylvania Law Review. 130 (6): 1423–1428. doi:10.2307/3311976. JSTOR 3311976. Kaaksés 3 January 2020.[dead link]
  19. ↑ Merryman, John Henry (1968). "The Public Law-Private Law Distinction in European and American Law". Journal of Public Law. 17: 3. Kaarsipin saking versi asli tanggal 12 February 2020. Kaaksés 3 January 2020.
  20. ↑ Saiman, Chaim N. (6 July 2008). "Public Law, Private Law, and Legal Science". American Journal of Comparative Law (ring Inggris). Social Science Research Network. 56 (961): 691–702. doi:10.5131/ajcl.2007.0023. Kaarsipin saking versi asli tanggal 28 April 2020. Kaaksés 3 January 2020.
  21. ↑ Harlow, Carol (1 May 1980). ""Public" and "private" law: definition without distinction". The Modern Law Review (ring Inggris). 43 (3): 241–265. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2230.1980.tb01592.x. ISSN 1468-2230.
  22. ↑ Samuel, Geoffrey (1 September 1983). "Public And Private Law: A Private Lawyer's Response". The Modern Law Review (ring Inggris). 46 (5): 558–583. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2230.1983.tb02534.x. ISSN 1468-2230. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  23. ↑ Gordley, James (16 November 2006). Reimann, Mathias; Zimmermann, Reinhard (eds.). "Comparative Law and Legal History". The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Law (ring Inggris): 752–774. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199296064.013.0024. ISBN 9780199296064. Kaarsipin saking versi asli tanggal 31 December 2019. Kaaksés 31 December 2019.
  24. ↑ Bor, Fredric L. (1974). "The nexus between philosophy and law". Journal of Legal Education. 26 (4): 539–543. ISSN 0022-2208. JSTOR 42896964.
  25. ↑ Rubin, Paul H. "Law and Economics". The Library of Economics and Liberty. Liberty Fund, Inc. Kaarsipin saking versi asli tanggal 2 July 2019. Kaaksés 31 December 2019.
  26. ↑ Banakar, Reza (2003). Merging law and sociology : beyond the dichotomies in socio-legal research. Berlin/Wisconsin: Galda and Wilch Publishing. ISBN 1-931255-13-X.
  27. ↑ Pound, Roscoe (1914). "The End of Law as Developed in Legal Rules and Doctrines". Harvard Law Review. 27 (3): 195–234. doi:10.2307/1325958. ISSN 0017-811X. JSTOR 1325958.
  28. ↑ Sarat, Austin; Kearns, Thomas, eds. (1996). Justice and Injustice in Law and Legal Theory. University of Michigan Press. pp. 18–19. doi:10.3998/mpub.10283. ISBN 9780472096251. JSTOR 10.3998/mpub.10283.
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