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Puput ngroko

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Pale smooth lung contrasted with stained and crumpled lung
Paru-paru sane seger yening saihang sareng paru-paru perokok

Puput ngroko, ketahnyane kabaos ngreredang utawi ngreredang, inggih punika proses ngreredang roko . [1] Andus tembakau madaging nikotin, sane ngawinang ketagihan lan prasida ngawinang ketergantungan. [2] [3] Akibatnyane, penarikan nikotin sering ngawinang proses ngreredang meweh.

Merokok inggih punika penyebab utama kematian sane prasida kacegah lan dados pikobet kesehatan masyarakat global. [4] Ngawigunayang tembakau pinih sering ngawinang penyakit sane ngranayang jantung lan paru-paru, antuk roko dados faktor resiko utama ring serangan jantung, [5] [6] stroke, [7] penyakit paru-paru obstruktif kronis (PPOK), [8] vafibrosis paru-paru idiopatik [9] [IPF5), [8] . lan subtipe kanker [10] (utaminnyane kanker paru-paru, kanker orofaring, [11] laring, [11] lan cangkem, [11] kanker esofagus lan pankreas ). [12] Suud ngroko prasida ngirangin resiko padem sangkaning gering sane mapaiketan sareng ngroko. [13] [14] Resiko serangan jantung ring perokok sayan rered 50% sesampun awarsa ngreredang. Asapunika taler, resiko kanker paru-paru prasida tedun 50% ring 10 warsa sampun ngreredang [15]

Saking warsa 2001 ngantos 2010, sawatara 70% perokok ring Amerika Serikat nyinahang pikayunan pacang ngreredang, lan 50% nglaporang sampun mautsaha ngamargiang punika ring warsa sane sampun lintang. Akeh tata cara sane prasida kawigunayang anggen ngreredang roko, rumasuk nadak ngreredang tanpa wantuan (" kalkun dingin "), ngirangin raris ngreredang, penyuluhan parilaksana, miwah tamba-tamba sekadi bupropion, sitisin, terapi pengganti nikotin, utawi varenicline . Ring warsa-warsa sane lintang, utamanyane ring Kanada lan Inggris, akeh perokok sane sampun ngalih nganggen roko elektronik mangda prasida ngreredang roko. Nanging, ring penelitian warsa 2022 manggihin 20% saking perokok sane nyobak nganggen e-rokok mangda ngreredang prasida nanging 66% saking dane puput dados pengguna ganda roko lan produk vape awarsa metu. [16]

Akeh perokok sane mautsaha ngreredang nglaksanayang punika tanpa wantuan. Nanging, wantah 3-6% saking utsaha sane nenten polih wantuan prasida mapikolih jangka panjang. [17] Penyuluhan parilaksana lan tamba soang-soang nincapang tingkat berhasil ngreredang roko, lan kombinasi penyuluhan parilaksana sareng tamba sekadi bupropion lebih efektif tekening intervensi kemanten. [18] Meta-analisis saking warsa 2018, sane kamargiang ring 61 uji terkontrol acak, nyihnayang yening ring pantaraning jadma sane ngreredang antuk tamba ngreredang lan makudang-kudang wantuan parilaksana, kirang langkung 20% kantun nenten ngroko awarsa salanturnyane, kasandingang sareng 12% sane nenten ngajeng tamba. [19]

Ring perokok sane gumantung ring nikotin, ngreredang roko prasida ngawinang gejala penarikan nikotin sakadi ngidam nikotin, kecemasan, iritasi, depresi, lan nambah berat badan. [20] :2298Metode dukungan profesional ngreredang roko umumnyane mautsaha nanganin gejala penarikan nikotin anggen ngwantu jadma punika lepas saking kecanduan nikotin.

Lis pustaka

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  1. ↑ "Take steps NOW to stop smoking". www.nhs.uk. London: National Health Service. 2022. Kaarsipin saking versi asli tanggal 29 May 2022. Kaaksés 31 May 2022.
  2. ↑ "How to Quit Smoking or Smokeless Tobacco". www.cancer.org. Atlanta, Georgia: American Cancer Society. 2022. Kaarsipin saking versi asli tanggal 25 May 2022. Kaaksés 31 May 2022.
  3. ↑ Mooney ME, Johnson EO, Breslau N, Bierut LJ, Hatsukami DK (June 2011). "Cigarette smoking reduction and changes in nicotine dependence". Nicotine & Tobacco Research. Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. 13 (6): 426–430. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntr019. LCCN 00244999. PMC 3103717. PMID 21367813.
  4. ↑ Kalkhoran S, Benowitz NL, Rigotti NA (August 2018). "Prevention and Treatment of Tobacco Use: JACC Health Promotion Series". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. Elsevier for the American College of Cardiology. 72 (9): 1030–1045. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2018.06.036. PMC 6261256. PMID 30139432.
  5. ↑ Rodu B, Plurphanswat N (January 2021). "Mortality among male cigar and cigarette smokers in the USA" (PDF). Harm Reduction Journal. BioMed Central. 18 (1): 7. doi:10.1186/s12954-020-00446-4. LCCN 2004243422. PMC 7789747 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 33413424 Check |pmid= value (help). Kaarsipin (PDF) saking versi asli tanggal 26 August 2021. Kaaksés 28 August 2021.
  6. ↑ Nonnemaker J, Rostron B, Hall P, MacMonegle A, Apelberg B (September 2014). "Mortality and economic costs from regular cigar use in the United States, 2010". American Journal of Public Health. American Public Health Association. 104 (9): e86–e91. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301991. eISSN 1541-0048. PMC 4151956. PMID 25033140. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  7. ↑ Shah RS, Cole JW (July 2010). "Smoking and stroke: the more you smoke the more you stroke". Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy. Informa. 8 (7): 917–932. doi:10.1586/erc.10.56. PMC 2928253. PMID 20602553.
  8. ↑ 8,0 8,1 Laniado-Laborín R (January 2009). "Smoking and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Parallel epidemics of the 21 century". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. MDPI. 6 (1): 209–224. doi:10.3390/ijerph6010209. PMC 2672326. PMID 19440278.
  9. ↑ Oh CK, Murray LA, Molfino NA (February 2012). "Smoking and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis". Pulmonary Medicine. Hindawi Publishing Corporation. 2012: 808260. doi:10.1155/2012/808260. PMC 3289849. PMID 22448328.
  10. ↑ Shapiro JA, Jacobs EJ, Thun MJ (February 2000). "Cigar smoking in men and risk of death from tobacco-related cancers". Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Oxford University Press. 92 (4): 333–337. doi:10.1093/jnci/92.4.333. eISSN 1460-2105. PMID 10675383. Kaarsipin saking versi asli tanggal 21 April 2021. Kaaksés 28 August 2021.
  11. ↑ 11,0 11,1 11,2 Anjum F, Zohaib J (4 December 2020). "Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma". StatPearls (édisi ka-Updated). Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. doi:10.32388/G6TG1L. PMID 33085415 Check |pmid= value (help). Bookshelf ID: NBK563268. Kaaksés 7 February 2021 – saking NCBI.[ngidih klarifikasi]
  12. ↑ Chandrupatla SG, Tavares M, Natto ZS (July 2017). "Tobacco Use and Effects of Professional Advice on Smoking Cessation among Youth in India". Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention. 18 (7): 1861–1867. doi:10.22034/APJCP.2017.18.7.1861. PMC 5648391. PMID 28749122.
  13. ↑ Temitayo Orisasami I, Ojo O (July 2016). "Evaluating the effectiveness of smoking cessation in the management of COPD". British Journal of Nursing. 25 (14): 786–791. doi:10.12968/bjon.2016.25.14.786. PMID 27467642.
  14. ↑ "WHO Report on the global tobacco epidemic". World Health Organization. 2015. Kaarsipin saking versi asli tanggal July 8, 2015.
  15. ↑ "Tobacco". www.who.int (ring Inggris). Kaaksés 2024-02-24.
  16. ↑ Heiden BT, Baker TB, Smock N, Pham G, Chen J, Bierut LJ, Chen LS (July 2022). "Assessment of formal tobacco treatment and smoking cessation in dual users of cigarettes and e-cigarettes". Thorax. 78 (3): 267–273. doi:10.1136/thorax-2022-218680. PMC 9852353 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 35863765 Check |pmid= value (help).
  17. ↑ Rigotti NA (October 2012). "Strategies to help a smoker who is struggling to quit". JAMA. 308 (15): 1573–1580. doi:10.1001/jama.2012.13043. PMC 4562427. PMID 23073954.
  18. ↑ Stead LF, Koilpillai P, Fanshawe TR, Lancaster T (March 2016). "Combined pharmacotherapy and behavioural interventions for smoking cessation". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2016 (3): CD008286. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008286.pub3. PMC 10042551 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 27009521.
  19. ↑ Rosen LJ, Galili T, Kott J, Goodman M, Freedman LS (May 2018). "Diminishing benefit of smoking cessation medications during the first year: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Addiction. Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the Society for the Study of Addiction. 113 (5): 805–816. doi:10.1111/add.14134. PMC 5947828. PMID 29377409.
  20. ↑ Benowitz NL (June 2010). "Nicotine addiction". The New England Journal of Medicine. 362 (24): 2295–2303. doi:10.1056/NEJMra0809890. PMC 2928221. PMID 20554984.
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