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Pahan karirihan

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Pahan karirihan
Silih sinunggil soroh item tes IQ, kamodelin sesampun item ring tes Matriks Progresif Raven.
ICD-10-PCSZ01.8
ICD-9-CM94.01
Psikologi
Greek letter 'psi'
Greek letter 'psi'
Ilmu dasar
Terapan
Daftar

Pahan karirihan (Basa inggris: IQ) inggih punika skor total sane mawit saking makudang-kudang tes standar utawi subtes sane kakaryanin anggen nguningin kecerdasan manusa. [1][2] Pangawitnyane, IQ inggih punika skor sane kapolihang antuk ngepah skor yusa mental jadma, sane kapolihang antuk ngamargiang tes kecerdasan, antuk yusa kronologis jadma punika, makakalih kacihnayang ring warsa lan sasih. Pecahan sane kapolihang ( quotient ) kakaliang antuk 100 mangda ngamolihang nilai IQ. [3] Antuk tes IQ modern, skor mentah kauwah dados distribusi normal antuk rata-rata 100 lan standar deviasi 15. Puniki ngamolihang kirang langkung kalih pertiga saking populasi sane ngamolihang skor pantaraning IQ 85 lan IQ 115 lan kirang langkung 2 persen soang-soang ring baduur 130 lan ring sor 70. [4]

Nilai saking tes kecerdasan inggih punika estimasi kecerdasan. Nénten sekadi, sekadi, jarak miwah massa, ukuran kawagedan sané pastika nénten prasida kapolihang santukan sifat abstrak saking konsep "kawagedan". [5] Skor IQ sampun mabukti mapaiketan sareng faktor-faktor sekadi nutrisi, [6] [7] [8] status sosial ekonomi rerama, [9] [10] morbiditas lan mortalitas, [11] [12] status sosial rerama, [13] lan lingkungan perinatal. [14] Yadiastun heritabilitas IQ sampun kaselehin sampun nampek ring satus warsa, kantun wenten perdebatan indik signifikansi estimasi heritabilitas [15] [16] [17] lan mekanisme pewarisan. [18] [19] Kirang langkung sané pinih becik mangkin ring heritabilitas kirang langkung 40 ngantos 60% saking varians pantaraning individu ring IQ sané katlatarang olih genetika. [20] [21]

Skor IQ kaanggen penempatan pendidikan, penilaian kemampuan intelektual, lan evaluasi pelamar pekerjaan. Ring sajeroning konteks tetilik, ipun sampun kaplajahin pinaka prediktor kinerja pakaryan [22] lan pikolih . [23] Ipun taler kawigunayang anggen malajahin distribusi kecerdasan psikometrik ring populasi miwah paiketannyane sareng variabel tiosan. Nilai mentah ring tes IQ majeng ring makudang-kudang populasi sampun nincap antuk tingkat rata-rata sane skalanyane kantos tiga titik IQ nyabran dekade ngawit saking pangawit abad ka-20, fenomena sane kabaos efek Flynn. Investigasi pola sane mabinayan saking panincapan skor subtes taler prasida nguningayang penelitian sane mangkin indik kecerdasan manusa.

Manut sejarah, akeh sane nukung pengujian IQ sampun dados ahli eugenika sane ngawigunayang pseudosains anggen nyokong pikayunan indik hierarki rasial sane mangkin nenten kacumponin mangda prasida matutang segregasi miwah nentang imigrasi. [24] [25] Pandangan sakadi punika mangkin katulak olih konsensus sané kuat saking sains arus utama, yadiastun tokoh-tokoh pinggiran terus ngalimbakang ipun ring beasiswa semu miwah budaya populer. [26] [27]

Cingak taler

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Pustaka

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  1. ↑ Braaten, Ellen B.; Norman, Dennis (1 November 2006). "Intelligence (IQ) Testing". Pediatrics in Review. 27 (11): 403–408. doi:10.1542/pir.27-11-403. ISSN 0191-9601. PMID 17079505. Kaaksés 22 January 2020.
  2. ↑ "Karirihan". BASAbaliWiki (ring Inggris). 2019-12-24. Kaaksés 2025-06-15.
  3. ↑ intelligence quotient (IQ). Philadelphia, PA: National Council on Measurement in Education. 2016. Kaarsipin saking versi asli tanggal 22 July 2017. Kaaksés 1 July 2017.
  4. ↑ Neisser, Ulrich (1997). "Rising Scores on Intelligence Tests". American Scientist. 85 (5): 440–447. Bibcode:1997AmSci..85..440N. Kaarsipin saking versi asli tanggal 4 November 2016. Kaaksés 1 December 2017.
  5. ↑ Haier, Richard (28 December 2016). The Neuroscience of Intelligence. Cambridge University Press. pp. 18–19. ISBN 9781107461437.
  6. ↑ Cusick, Sarah E.; Georgieff, Michael K. (1 August 2017). "The Role of Nutrition in Brain Development: The Golden Opportunity of the 'First 1000 Days'". The Journal of Pediatrics. 175: 16–21. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.05.013. ISSN 0022-3476. PMC 4981537. PMID 27266965.
  7. ↑ Saloojee, Haroon; Pettifor, John M (15 December 2001). "Iron deficiency and impaired child development". British Medical Journal. 323 (7326): 1377–1378. doi:10.1136/bmj.323.7326.1377. ISSN 0959-8138. PMC 1121846. PMID 11744547.
  8. ↑ Qian, Ming; Wang, Dong; Watkins, William E.; Gebski, Val; Yan, Yu Qin; Li, Mu; Chen, Zu Pei (2005). "The effects of iodine on intelligence in children: a meta-analysis of studies conducted in China". Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 14 (1): 32–42. ISSN 0964-7058. PMID 15734706.
  9. ↑ Poh, Bee Koon; Lee, Shoo Thien; Yeo, Giin Shang; Tang, Kean Choon; Noor Afifah, Ab Rahim; Siti Hanisa, Awal; Parikh, Panam; Wong, Jyh Eiin; Ng, Alvin Lai Oon; SEANUTS Study Group (13 June 2019). "Low socioeconomic status and severe obesity are linked to poor cognitive performance in Malaysian children". BMC Public Health. 19 (Suppl 4): 541. doi:10.1186/s12889-019-6856-4. ISSN 1471-2458. PMC 6565598. PMID 31196019.
  10. ↑ Galván, Marcos; Uauy, Ricardo; Corvalán, Camila; López-Rodríguez, Guadalupe; Kain, Juliana (September 2013). "Determinants of cognitive development of low SES children in Chile: a post-transitional country with rising childhood obesity rates". Maternal and Child Health Journal. 17 (7): 1243–1251. doi:10.1007/s10995-012-1121-9. ISSN 1573-6628. PMID 22915146. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  11. ↑ Markus Jokela; G. David Batty; Ian J. Deary; Catharine R. Gale; Mika Kivimäki (2009). "Low Childhood IQ and Early Adult Mortality: The Role of Explanatory Factors in the 1958 British Birth Cohort". Pediatrics. 124 (3): e380–e388. doi:10.1542/peds.2009-0334. PMID 19706576.
  12. ↑ Deary & Batty 2007.
  13. ↑ Neisser et al. 1995.
  14. ↑ Ronfani, Luca; Vecchi Brumatti, Liza; Mariuz, Marika; Tognin, Veronica (2015). "The Complex Interaction between Home Environment, Socioeconomic Status, Maternal IQ and Early Child Neurocognitive Development: A Multivariate Analysis of Data Collected in a Newborn Cohort Study". PLOS ONE. 10 (5): e0127052. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1027052R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0127052. PMC 4440732. PMID 25996934.
  15. ↑ Johnson, Wendy; Turkheimer, Eric; Gottesman, Irving I.; Bouchard, Thomas J. (August 2009). "Beyond Heritability". Current Directions in Psychological Science. 18 (4): 217–220. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01639.x. PMC 2899491. PMID 20625474.
  16. ↑ Turkheimer 2008.
  17. ↑ Oxley, Florence A. R.; Wilding, Kirsty; von Stumm, Sophie (2024-11-01). "DNA and IQ: Big deal or much ado about nothing? – A meta-analysis". Intelligence. 107: 101871. doi:10.1016/j.intell.2024.101871. ISSN 0160-2896.
  18. ↑ Devlin, B.; Daniels, Michael; Roeder, Kathryn (1997). "The heritability of IQ". Nature. 388 (6641): 468–71. Bibcode:1997Natur.388..468D. doi:10.1038/41319. PMID 9242404.
  19. ↑ Plomin, Robert; von Stumm, Sophie (March 2018). "The new genetics of intelligence". Nature Reviews Genetics (ring Inggris). 19 (3): 148–159. doi:10.1038/nrg.2017.104. ISSN 1471-0064. PMC 5985927. PMID 29335645.
  20. ↑ de la Fuente, Javier; Davies, Gail; Grotzinger, Andrew D.; Tucker-Drob, Elliot M.; Deary, Ian J. (January 2021). "A general dimension of genetic sharing across diverse cognitive traits inferred from molecular data". Nature Human Behaviour (ring Inggris). 5 (1): 49–58. doi:10.1038/s41562-020-00936-2. ISSN 2397-3374. PMC 9346507 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 32895543.
  21. ↑ Davies, G.; Tenesa, A.; Payton, A.; Yang, J.; Harris, S. E.; Liewald, D.; Ke, X.; Le Hellard, S.; Christoforou, A.; Luciano, M.; McGhee, K. (October 2011). "Genome-wide association studies establish that human intelligence is highly heritable and polygenic". Molecular Psychiatry (ring Inggris). 16 (10): 996–1005. doi:10.1038/mp.2011.85. ISSN 1476-5578. PMC 3182557. PMID 21826061.
  22. ↑ Schmidt, Frank L.; Hunter, John E. (1998). "The validity and utility of selection methods in personnel psychology: Practical and theoretical implications of 85 years of research findings" (PDF). Psychological Bulletin. 124 (2): 262–74. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.172.1733. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.124.2.262. Kaarsipin saking versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2 June 2014. Kaaksés 25 October 2017.
  23. ↑ Strenze, Tarmo (September 2007). "Intelligence and socioeconomic success: A meta-analytic review of longitudinal research". Intelligence. 35 (5): 401–426. doi:10.1016/j.intell.2006.09.004. The correlation with income is considerably lower, perhaps even disappointingly low, being about the average of the previous meta-analytic estimates (.15 by Bowles et al., 2001; and .27 by Ng et al., 2005). But...other predictors, studied in this paper, are not doing any better in predicting income, which demonstrates that financial success is difficult to predict by any variable. This assertion is further corroborated by the meta-analysis of Ng et al. (2005) where the best predictor of salary was educational level with a correlation of only .29. It should also be noted that the correlation of .23 is about the size of the average meta-analytic result in psychology(Hemphill, 2003) and cannot, therefore, be treated as insignificant. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  24. ↑ Winston, Andrew S. (29 May 2020). "Scientific Racism and North American Psychology". Oxford Research Encyclopedias: Psychology. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190236557.013.516. ISBN 978-0-19-023655-7. The use of psychological concepts and data to promote ideas of an enduring racial hierarchy dates from the late 1800s and has continued to the present. The history of scientific racism in psychology is intertwined with broader debates, anxieties, and political issues in American society. With the rise of intelligence testing, joined with ideas of eugenic progress and dysgenic reproduction, psychological concepts and data came to play an important role in naturalizing racial inequality. Although racial comparisons were not the primary concern of most early mental testing, results were employed to justify beliefs regarding Black “educability” and the dangers of Southern and Eastern European immigration.
  25. ↑ Newitz, Annalee (June 4, 2024). "Chapter 4". Stories Are Weapons: Psychological Warfare and the American Mind. W. W. Norton & Company.
  26. ↑ Bird, Kevin; Jackson, John P.; Winston, Andrew S. (2024). "Confronting Scientific Racism in Psychology: Lessons from Evolutionary Biology and Genetics". American Psychologist. 79 (4): 497–508. doi:10.1037/amp0001228. PMID 39037836 Check |pmid= value (help). Recent articles claim that the folk categories of race are genetically meaningful divisions, and that evolved genetic differences among races and nations are important for explaining immutable differences in cognitive ability, educational attainment, crime, sexual behavior, and wealth; all claims that are opposed by a strong scientific consensus to the contrary.
  27. ↑ Panofsky, Aaron; Dasgupta, Kushan; Iturriaga, Nicole (2021). "How White nationalists mobilize genetics: From genetic ancestry and human biodiversity to counterscience and metapolitics". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 175 (2): 387–398. doi:10.1002/ajpa.24150. ISSN 0002-9483. PMC 9909835 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 32986847. [T]he claims that genetics defines racial groups and makes them different, that IQ and cultural differences among racial groups are caused by genes, and that racial inequalities within and between nations are the inevitable outcome of long evolutionary processes are neither new nor supported by science (either old or new).
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