Ketenpadaan ékonomi
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Katenpadaan ekonomi inggih punika paistilah pajeng antuk tiga konsép: Katenpadaan pangupa, sapunapi akéh total jinah sane kataur majeng ring jadma kasagi ring pantaraning ipun; katenpadaan kasugihan, sapunapi akéh total arta brana sane kadruenang olih jadma kawagi ring pantaraning sang sane madue; lan katenpadaan konsumsi, sapunapi akéh total jinah sané kaanggen olih jadma kawagi ring pantaraning sang sane nganggen. Soang-soang puniki prasida kaukur pantaraning kakalih utawi langkung panegara, ring siki panegara, utawi pantaraning miwah ring sub-populasi (sekadi ring sajeroning kelompok sane maduwe pikolih alit, ring kelompok sane maduwe pikolih ageng miwah pantaraning ipun, ring kelompok yusa miwah pantaraning kelompok antar generasi, ring kelompok gender miwah pantaraning ipun miwah sane tiosan, becik saking siki utawi saking makudang-kudang negara).[2]
Metrik katenpadaan pangupa kaanggen ngukur katémpangan pangupa,[3] sane koefisien Gini dados sane akeh kaanggen. Soroh pangukuran sane tiosan inggih punika Indeks Pawangunan Manusa sane kasesuaiang sareng ketimpangan, sane marupa indeks komposit statistik sane ngitungang ketimpangan.[4] Konsep sane mabuat indik pateh minakadi kapadaan, kapadaan pangupa, miwah kapadaan peluang.
Manut lelintihan, sampun wenten kecenderungan jangka panjang nuju ketimpangan ekonomi sane sayan ageng saking galah ka galah. Sajabaning indike puniki salami era modern inggih punika panurunan ketimpangan ekonomi salami kalih Yuda Jagat lan ring tengahing pakaryan negara kesejahteraan modern sesampun Yuda Jagat II .[5] Yadiastun globalisasi sampun ngirangin katimpangan pantaraning bangsa, punika sampun nincapang katimpangan ring makudang-kudang panegara.[6][7][8][9] Kawéntenan pikolih pantaraning panegara pinih tegeh duk warsa 1970-an, rikala pikolih jagaté kadistribusiang bimodal ring panegara "sugih" miwah "lacur". Ngawit saking punika, undagan pikolih ring sajebag panegara sampun konvergen, antuk akeh jadma sane mangkin meneng ring negara pikolih menengah.[6][10] Nanging, nenten pateh ring makudang-kudang panegara sampun nincap pisan ring 30 warsa puniki, utamanyane ring negara sane sampun maju.[6][7][8][9]
- ↑ Haddad, Cameron Nadim; Mahler, Daniel Gerszon; Diaz-Bonilla, Carolina; Hill, Ruth; Lakner, Christoph; Ibarra, Gabriel Lara (2024-06-17). "Inside the World Bank's new inequality indicator: The number of countries with high inequality". World Bank. Kaaksés 2024-10-25.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ↑ Ventura, Luca (June 6, 2023). "World Wealth Distribution And Income Inequality 2022". Global Finance Magazine.
- ↑ Trapeznikova, Ija (2019). "Measuring income inequality". IZA World of Labor. doi:10.15185/izawol.462.
- ↑ Human Development Reports. Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) Archived Juli 12, 2019, at the Wayback Machine. United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved: March 3, 2019.
- ↑ Alfani, Guido (2023). As Gods Among Men: A History of the Rich in the West (ring Inggris). Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-22712-2.
- ↑ 6,0 6,1 6,2 "Introduction to Inequality". IMF (ring Inggris). Kaaksés May 9, 2022.
- ↑ 7,0 7,1 Bourguignon, François (2015). The Globalization of Inequality. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691160528. Kaaksés August 19, 2017.
- ↑ 8,0 8,1 Hung, Ho-Fung (2021). "Recent Trends in Global Economic Inequality". Annual Review of Sociology. 47 (1): 349–367. doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-090320-105810. ISSN 0360-0572. S2CID 235574406 Check
|s2cid=value (help). - ↑ 9,0 9,1 Flaherty, Thomas M.; Rogowski, Ronald (2021). "Rising Inequality As a Threat to the Liberal International Order". International Organization. 75 (2): 495–523. doi:10.1017/S0020818321000163. ISSN 0020-8183.
- ↑ "Parametric estimations of the world distribution of income". January 22, 2010.