Cebur nuju daging

Insulin

Saking Wikipédia
Insulin inggih punika hormon peptida sane madaging kalih rantai sane kaiket silang olih jembatan disulfida.

Insulin /ˈɪn.sjʊ.lɪn/, [1] [2] saking basa Latin insula, 'pulau') inggih punika hormon peptida sane kakaryanin olih sel beta pulau-pulau pankreas sane kakodekan ring manusa olih gen insulin ( INS) . Punika pinaka hormon anabolik sane utama ring angga. [3] Puniki ngatur metabolisme karbohidrat, lemak, miwah protein antuk ngalimbakang penyerapan glukosa saking getih nuju sel hati, lemak, miwah otot rangka . [4] Ring jaringan puniki glukosa sané kaserep kauwah dados glikogen, saking glikogenesis, utawi lemak ( trigliserida ), saking lipogenesis ; ring hati, glukosa kauwah dados makakalih. [4] Produksi lan sekresi glukosa olih hati banget kaambekin olih konsentrasi insulin sane tegeh ring getih. [5] Insulin sane beredar taler mapangaruh ring sintesis protein ring makudang-kudang jaringan. Punika mawinan hormon anabolik, ngalimbakang konversi molekul alit ring getih dados molekul ageng ring sel. Insulin sane rendah ring getih madue efek sane matungkalikan, ngalimbakang katabolisme sane ngelimbak, utamanyane saking lemak tubuh cadangan.

Sel beta sensitif ring kadar gula darah mawinan ipun ngamedalang insulin ring getih pinaka respons majeng ring kadar glukosa sane tegeh, lan ngambat sekresi insulin ritatkala kadar glukosa sane rendah. [6] Produksi insulin taler kaatur olih glukosa: glukosa sane tegeh ngawinang produksi insulin nanging kadar glukosa sane rendah ngawinang produksi sane rendah. [7] Insulin nincapang pengambilan glukosa lan metabolisme ring sel, antuk punika ngirangin gula darah. Sel alfa sane nampek sareng ipun, antuk ngambil isyaratnyane saking sel beta, [6] ngamedalang glukagon ring getih antuk cara sane matungkalikan: nincapang sekresi ritatkala glukosa ring getih kirang, lan sekresi sane tuun ritatkala konsentrasi glukosa tegeh. Glukagon nincapang glukosa ring getih antuk ngrangsang glikogenolisis lan glukoneogenesis ring hati. [8] [6] Sekresi insulin miwah glukagon ring getih pinaka penampén ring konsentrasi glukosa ring getih inggih punika mekanisme utama homeostasis glukosa. [6]

Aktivitas insulin sane tuun utawi nenten wenten ngawinang diabetes, kahanan sane kadar gula darahnyane tegeh ( hiperglikemia ). Wenten kalih soroh gering puniki. Ring diabetes tipe 1, sel beta punika karusak olih reaksi otoimun mawinan insulin nenten malih prasida kasintesis utawi kasekresi ring getih. [9] Ring diabetes tipe 2, karusakan sel beta kirang kacingak yening saihang sareng tipe 1, lan nenten sangkaning proses otoimun. Tiosan punika, wénten akumulasi amiloid ring pulau-pulau pankreas, sané minab pacang ngusak-asik anatomi miwah fisiologinyané. [10] Patogenesis diabetes tipe 2 durung tatas kauningin sakéwanten ngirangin populasi sel beta pulau, ngirangin fungsi sekresi sel beta pulau sané prasida maurip, miwah resistensi insulin jaringan tepi sampun kauningin sareng. [11] Diabetes tipe 2 kacihnayang antuk nincapnyane sekresi glukagon sane nenten keni iusan, lan nenten responsif majeng ring konsentrasi glukosa darah. Nanging insulin kantun kasekresi ring getih pinaka respons majeng ring glukosa getih. [10] Akibatnyane, glukosa mapupul ring getih.

Protein insulin manusa kawangun antuk 51 asam amino, lan madue massa molekul 5808 Da . Puniki wantah dimer hetero saking rantai A miwah rantai B, sané mapaiketan sareng ikatan disulfida . Struktur insulin wenten akidik pabinayan pantaraning spesies buron. Insulin saking sumber buron non-manusa akidik mabinayan ring efektivitas (ring efek metabolisme karbohidrat ) saking insulin manusa santukan variasi puniki. Insulin babi utamanyane nampek sareng versi manusa, taler akeh kawigunayang anggen nambanin diabetes tipe 1 sadurung insulin manusa prasida kakaryanin akeh antuk teknologi DNA rekombinan. [12] [13] [14] [15]

Insulin inggih punika hormon peptida kapertama sané kapanggihin. [16] Frederick Banting miwah Charles Best, sane makarya ring laboratorium John Macleod ring Universitas Toronto, inggih punika sane kapertama ngisolasi insulin saking pankreas asu duk warsa 1921. Frederick Sanger ngamargiang undagan struktur asam amino duk warsa 1951, sané ngawinang insulin dados protein kapertama sané jangkep kadudonang. [17] Struktur kristal insulin ring kahanan padat katentuang olih Dorothy Hodgkin duk warsa 1969. Insulin taler pinaka protein kapertama sane kasintesis antuk kimia miwah kakaryanin antuk teknologi rekombinan DNA . [18] Puniki wenten ring Daftar Model Obat Esensial WHO, obat sane pinih utama sane kabuatang ring sistem kesehatan dasar. [19]

Lis pustaka

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  1. ↑ "Insulin | Meaning of Insulin by Lexico". Lexico Dictionaries | English. Kaarsipin saking versi asli tanggal 1 August 2020.
  2. ↑ "insulin - WordReference.com Dictionary of English". www.wordreference.com.
  3. ↑ Voet D, Voet JG (2011). Biochemistry (édisi ka-4th). New York: Wiley.
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 Stryer L (1995). Biochemistry (édisi ka-Fourth). New York: W.H. Freeman and Company. pp. 773–74. ISBN 0-7167-2009-4.
  5. ↑ Sonksen P, Sonksen J (July 2000). "Insulin: understanding its action in health and disease". British Journal of Anaesthesia. 85 (1): 69–79. doi:10.1093/bja/85.1.69. PMID 10927996.
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 6,2 6,3 Koeslag JH, Saunders PT, Terblanche E (June 2003). "A reappraisal of the blood glucose homeostat which comprehensively explains the type 2 diabetes mellitus-syndrome X complex". The Journal of Physiology (kawedar 2003). 549 (Pt 2): 333–46. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2002.037895. PMC 2342944. PMID 12717005.
  7. ↑ Andrali, Sreenath S.; Sampley, Megan L.; Vanderford, Nathan L.; Ozcan, Sabire (1 October 2008). "Glucose regulation of insulin gene expression in pancreatic beta-cells". The Biochemical Journal. 415 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1042/BJ20081029. ISSN 1470-8728. PMID 18778246.
  8. ↑ Stryer L (1995). Biochemistry (édisi ka-Fourth). New York: W.H. Freeman and Company. pp. 773–74. ISBN 0-7167-2009-4.
  9. ↑ American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (1 February 2009). "Insulin Injection [". PubMed Health. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Kaaksés 12 October 2012.
  10. ↑ 10,0 10,1 Koeslag JH, Saunders PT, Terblanche E (June 2003). "A reappraisal of the blood glucose homeostat which comprehensively explains the type 2 diabetes mellitus-syndrome X complex". The Journal of Physiology (kawedar 2003). 549 (Pt 2): 333–46. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2002.037895. PMC 2342944. PMID 12717005.
  11. ↑ Voet D, Voet JG (2011). Biochemistry (édisi ka-4th). New York: Wiley.
  12. ↑ Drug Information Portal NLM – Insulin human USAN druginfo.nlm.nih.gov Error in Webarchive mal: Empty url.
  13. ↑ "First Successful Laboratory Production of Human Insulin Announced". News Release. Genentech. 6 September 1978. Kaarsipin saking versi asli tanggal 27 September 2016. Kaaksés 26 September 2016. Check date values in: |access-date=, |date=, |archive-date= (help)
  14. ↑ "Recombinant DNA technology in the synthesis of human insulin". Little Tree Publishing. 1994. Kaaksés 3 November 2009.
  15. ↑ Aggarwal SR (December 2012). "What's fueling the biotech engine-2011 to 2012". Nature Biotechnology. 30 (12): 1191–7. doi:10.1038/nbt.2437. PMID 23222785.
  16. ↑ Weiss M, Steiner DF, Philipson LH (2000). "Insulin Biosynthesis, Secretion, Structure, and Structure-Activity Relationships". Ring Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Boyce A, Chrousos G, Dungan K, Grossman A, et al. (eds.). Endotext. MDText.com, Inc. PMID 25905258. Kaaksés 18 February 2020.
  17. ↑ Stretton AO (October 2002). "The first sequence. Fred Sanger and insulin". Genetics. 162 (2): 527–32. doi:10.1093/genetics/162.2.527. PMC 1462286. PMID 12399368.
  18. ↑ "The discovery and development of insulin as a medical treatment can be traced back to the 19th century". Diabetes (ring Inggris). 15 January 2019. Kaaksés 17 February 2020.
  19. ↑ 19th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (April 2015) (PDF). WHO. April 2015. p. 455. hdl:10665/189763. ISBN 978-92-4-120994-6. Kaaksés 10 May 2015.
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