Efek Barnum
Efek Barnum, taler kabaos efek Forer utawi, kirang lumrah, efek Barnum-Forer, inggih punika fenomena psikologis sane sampun ketah ring dije individu ngicenin peringkat akurasi sane tegeh antuk deskripsi kepribadiannyane sane sepatutnyane kasesuaiang khusus antuk ipun, nanging sane sujatine nenten jelas lan cukup umum sane berlaku ring kisaran sane jimbar. [1] Efek puniki prasida ngicenin panlataran sebagian antuk penerimaan sane linggah saking makudang-kudang kepercayaan lan praktik paranormal, sakadi astrologi, ramalan, ngwacen aura, lan makudang-kudang jenis tes kepribadian.
Pangawitnyane kabaos "kesalahan validasi pribadi" [2] olih psikolog Bertram Forer. Istilah "efek Barnum" kakaryanin duk warsa 1956 olih psikolog Paul Meehl ring esainyane "Wanted – A Good Cookbook", santukan dane mapaiketan sareng deskripsi kepribadian sane nenten jelas sane kaanggen ring tes psikologis sane "sukses semu" sareng sane kaicen olih pameran PT Barnum. [3] [4]
Efek Barnum kacihnayang pinaka penampen saking pernyataan sane kabaos "pernyataan Barnum", sane maartos karakterisasi umum sane mapaiketan sareng angga karasayang patut majeng ring dane, yadiastun pernyataan punika pinaka generalisasi sane prasida kamargiang ring sapa sira ugi. Teknik-teknik sakadi punika kaanggen olih para peramal, ahli nujum, lan praktisi sane lianan anggen ngyakinin pelanggan yening ipun, praktisi, sujatine kaicen hadiah paranormal . [5] Panglalah punika pinaka imba spesifik saking "fenomena penerimaan", sané nyihnayang kawéntenan umum manusa "mangda prasida nerima umpan balik kepribadian palsu". [6] Fenomena sane mapaiketan miwah umum inggih punika validasi subjektif. [7]
- ↑ Empty citation (help)
- ↑ "Barnum Effect". APA Dictionary of Psychology. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. n.d. Kaaksés December 31, 2021.
The effect was termed the fallacy of personal validation by U.S. psychologist Bertram Robin Forer (1914–2000), who first studied it in 1949.
- ↑ Meehl, Paul E. (1956). "Wanted – A Good Cookbook". American Psychologist. 11 (6): 263–272. doi:10.1037/h0044164.
- ↑ Dutton, D. L. (1988). "The cold reading technique". Experientia (ring Inggris). 44 (4): 326–332. doi:10.1007/BF01961271. PMID 3360083. Kaarsipin saking versi asli tanggal January 14, 2020. Kaaksés November 28, 2012.
- ↑ Carroll, Robert. "Barnum effect". The Skeptic's Dictionary. Kaaksés February 26, 2017.
- ↑ Tobacyk, Jerome; Milford, Gary; Springer, Thomas; Tobacyk, Zofia (June 10, 2010). "Paranormal Beliefs and the Barnum Effect". Journal of Personality Assessment. 52 (4): 737–739. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa5204_13.
- ↑ Marks, David F. (2000). The Psychology of the Psychic (édisi ka-2). Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. p. 41. ISBN 978-1-57392-798-7.