Dopamin

Dopamin
	Struktur kerangka dopamin
	Model bola-lan-tongkat saking molekul dopamin sekadi sane kapanggihin ring larutan. Ring kahanan padat, dopamin ngambil wangun zwitterion.
Data klinis
Nama dagang	Proinfark
Sinonim	DA,; 2-(3,4-Dihidroksifenil)etilamina,; 3,4-Dihidroksifenetilamina,; 3-Hidroksitiramina,; Oksitiramina,; Intropin,; Revivan;
Data fisiologis
Jaringan sumber	Substantia nigra; ventral tegmental area; many others
Jaringan targét	System-wide
Reséptor	D1, D2, D3, D4, D5, TAAR1
Agonis	Direct: apomorphine, bromocriptine; Indirect: cocaine, amphetamine, methylphenidate
Antagonis	Neuroleptics, metoclopramide, domperidone
Prékursor	Phenylalanine, tyrosine, and L-DOPA
Biosintésis	DOPA decarboxylase
Métabolismeu	MAO, COMT
Identifiers
	Nama IUPAC 4-(2-Aminoetil)benzena-1,2-diol;
Nomor CAS	51-61-6 Mal:CAS (hidroklorida);
PubChem CID	681;
IUPHAR/BPS	940;
DrugBank	DB00988;
ChemSpider	661;
UNII	VTD58H1Z2X;
KEGG	C03758;
ECHA InfoCard	100.000.101
Chemical and physical data
Rumus	C8H11NO2
Massa molar	153181 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
	SMILES NCCc1cc(O)c(O)cc1;
	InChI InChI=1S/C8H11NO2/c9-4-3-6-1-2-7(10)8(11)5-6/h1-2,5,10-11H,3-4,9H2; Key:VYFYYTLLBUKUHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N;

Dopamin ( DA, kontraksi 3,4- d ihidroksi penetil amin ) inggih punika molekul neuromodulator sané madué makudang-kudang peran sané mabuat ring sel. Punika wantah bahan kimia organik saking kulawarga katekolamin lan fenetilamin. Dopamin ngawentuk sawatara 80% saking kandungan katekolamin ring otak. Punika wantah amina sane kasintesis antuk ngicalang gugus karboksil saking molekul bahan kimia prekursornyane, L-DOPA, sane kasintesis ring otak lan ginjal. Dopamin taler kasintesis ring entik-entikan miwah katahan buron. Ring otak, dopamin maguna pinaka neurotransmiter —bahan kimia sané kalepas olih neuron (sel saraf) mangda prasida ngirimang sinyal ring sel saraf tiosan. Neurotransmiter kasintesis ring genah otak sakéwanten nglalahin akéh genah sané sistemis. Otak madaging makudang-kudang jalur dopamin sané matiosan, silih tunggilnyané mabuat pisan ring komponen motivasi parilaksana sané mamotivasi antuk hadiah . Antisipasi saking akehnyane soroh hadiah nincapang kadar dopamin ring otak, ^[4] lan akeh obat adiktif nincapang pelepasan dopamin utawi ngablok pengambilan ulangnyane ring neuron sesampun pelepasan. ^[5] Jalur dopamin otak tiosan sareng ring kontrol motorik miwah ring ngontrol pelepasan makudang-kudang hormon. Jalur miwah kelompok sel puniki ngwentuk sistem dopamin sané dados neuromodulator. ^[5]

Ring budaya lan media populer, dopamin sering kagambarang pinaka bahan kimia utama sane ngawinang seneng, nanging pendapat sane mangkin ring farmakologi inggih punika dopamin gumanti ngicenin salience motivasi ; ^[6] antuk kruna sane tiosan, dopamin nyihnayang prominensi motivasi sane karasayang (inggih punika, desirability utawi aversiveness) saking pikolih, sane ring gilirannyane nglimbakang parilaksana organisme nuju utawi ngejohang saking ngamolihang pikolih punika. ^[6]

Ring jaba sistem saraf pusat, dopamin maguna utamanyané pinaka utusan parakrin lokal. Ring pembuluh darah, punika ngambat pelepasan norepinefrin lan mawiguna dados vasodilator ; ring ginjal, punika nincapang ekskresi natrium lan output urin; ring pankreas, punika ngirangin produksi insulin; ring sistem pencernaan, punika ngirangin motilitas pencernaan lan nyaga mukosa usus ; lan ring sistem kekebalan, punika ngirangin aktivitas limfosit . Sajabaning pembuluh darah, dopamin ring soang-soang sistem perifer puniki kasintesis ring lokal lan ngamargiang efeknyane nampek ring sel-sel sane ngelepasin.

Makudang-kudang pinungkan sané mabuat ring sistem saraf mapaiketan sareng disfungsi sistem dopamin, miwah makudang-kudang tamba utama sané kawigunayang rikala nambanin ipun makarya antuk nguwah efek dopamin. Penyakit Parkinson, kahanan degeneratif sané ngawinang gemeteran miwah gangguan motorik, sangkaning ilangnyané neuron sané ngamedalang dopamin ring genah otak tengah sané kawastanin substansia nigra. Prekursor metabolismenyane L-DOPA prasida kakaryanin; Levodopa, wangun murni L-DOPA, inggih punika tamba sane pinih akeh kaanggen ring Parkinson. Wenten bukti indik skizofrenia nyarengin pauwahan tingkat aktivitas dopamin, lan akehan tamba antipsikotik sane kaanggen nambanin puniki inggih punika antagonis dopamin sane ngirangin aktivitas dopamin. ^[7] Obat antagonis dopamin sane pateh taler makudang-kudang agen anti-mual sane pinih efektif . Sindrom kaki gelisah lan gangguan hiperaktif defisit perhatian (ADHD) mapaiketan sareng aktivitas dopamin sane sayan rered. ^[8] Stimulan dopaminergik prasida ngawinang ketagihan ring dosis sane tegeh, nanging wenten sane kaanggen ring dosis sane rendah anggen nambanin ADHD. Dopamin punika wenten pinaka tamba sane kakaryanin antuk suntikan intravena . Punika mawiguna ring pengobatan gagal jantung berat utawi syok kardiogenik . ^[9] Ring bayi sane wau embas prasida kaanggen hipotensi lan shock septik . ^[10]

Cingak taler

Lis pustaka

↑ Cruickshank L, Kennedy AR, Shankland N (2013). "CSD Entry TIRZAX: 5-(2-Ammonioethyl)-2-hydroxyphenolate, Dopamine". Cambridge Structural Database: Access Structures. Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre. doi:10.5517/cc10m9nl.
↑ Cruickshank L, Kennedy AR, Shankland N (2013). "Tautomeric and ionisation forms of dopamine and tyramine in the solid state". J. Mol. Struct. 1051: 132–36. Bibcode:2013JMoSt1051..132C. doi:10.1016/j.molstruc.2013.08.002.
↑ ^3,0 ^3,1 "Dopamine: Biological activity". IUPHAR/BPS guide to pharmacology (ring Inggris). International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. Kaaksés 29 January 2016.
↑ Berridge KC (April 2007). "The debate over dopamine's role in reward: the case for incentive salience". Psychopharmacology (ring Inggris). 191 (3): 391–431. doi:10.1007/s00213-006-0578-x. PMID 17072591.
↑ ^5,0 ^5,1 Wise RA, Robble MA (January 2020). "Dopamine and Addiction". Annual Review of Psychology (ring Inggris). 71 (1): 79–106. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-103337. PMID 31905114.
↑ ^6,0 ^6,1 Wenzel JM, Rauscher NA, Cheer JF, Oleson EB (January 2015). "A role for phasic dopamine release within the nucleus accumbens in encoding aversion: a review of the neurochemical literature". ACS Chemical Neuroscience (ring Inggris). 6 (1): 16–26. doi:10.1021/cn500255p. PMC 5820768. PMID 25491156. Thus, fear-evoking stimuli are capable of differentially altering phasic dopamine transmission across NAcc subregions. The authors propose that the observed enhancement in NAcc shell dopamine likely reflects general motivational salience, perhaps due to relief from a CS-induced fear state when the US (foot shock) is not delivered. This reasoning is supported by a report from Budygin and colleagues¹¹² showing that, in anesthetized rats, the termination of tail pinch results in augmented dopamine release in the shell.
↑ Moncrieff J (2008). The myth of the chemical cure. A critique of psychiatric drug treatment. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave MacMillan. ISBN 978-0-230-57432-8.
↑ Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Kollins SH, Wigal TL, Newcorn JH, Telang F, Fowler JS, Zhu W, Logan J, Ma Y, Pradhan K, Wong C, Swanson JM (September 2009). "Evaluating dopamine reward pathway in ADHD: clinical implications". JAMA. 302 (10): 1084–91. doi:10.1001/jama.2009.1308. PMC 2958516. PMID 19738093. Check date values in: |date= (help)
↑ "Dopamine infusion" (PDF). Kaaksés 13 October 2023.
↑ "Shock and Hypotension in the Newborn Medication: Alpha/Beta Adrenergic Agonists, Vasodilators, Inotropic agents, Volume Expanders, Antibiotics, Other". emedicine.medscape.com (ring Inggris). Kaaksés 13 October 2023.

Pranala jaba

[1] Cruickshank L, Kennedy AR, Shankland N (2013). "CSD Entry TIRZAX: 5-(2-Ammonioethyl)-2-hydroxyphenolate, Dopamine". Cambridge Structural Database: Access Structures. Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre. doi:10.5517/cc10m9nl.

[2] Cruickshank L, Kennedy AR, Shankland N (2013). "Tautomeric and ionisation forms of dopamine and tyramine in the solid state". J. Mol. Struct. 1051: 132–36. Bibcode:2013JMoSt1051..132C. doi:10.1016/j.molstruc.2013.08.002.

[DA_IUPHAR-3] 3,0 ^3,1 "Dopamine: Biological activity". IUPHAR/BPS guide to pharmacology (ring Inggris). International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. Kaaksés 29 January 2016.

[4] Berridge KC (April 2007). "The debate over dopamine's role in reward: the case for incentive salience". Psychopharmacology (ring Inggris). 191 (3): 391–431. doi:10.1007/s00213-006-0578-x. PMID 17072591.

[Wise2020-5] 5,0 ^5,1 Wise RA, Robble MA (January 2020). "Dopamine and Addiction". Annual Review of Psychology (ring Inggris). 71 (1): 79–106. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-103337. PMID 31905114.

[Aversion_neurons-6] 6,0 ^6,1 Wenzel JM, Rauscher NA, Cheer JF, Oleson EB (January 2015). "A role for phasic dopamine release within the nucleus accumbens in encoding aversion: a review of the neurochemical literature". ACS Chemical Neuroscience (ring Inggris). 6 (1): 16–26. doi:10.1021/cn500255p. PMC 5820768. PMID 25491156. Thus, fear-evoking stimuli are capable of differentially altering phasic dopamine transmission across NAcc subregions. The authors propose that the observed enhancement in NAcc shell dopamine likely reflects general motivational salience, perhaps due to relief from a CS-induced fear state when the US (foot shock) is not delivered. This reasoning is supported by a report from Budygin and colleagues¹¹² showing that, in anesthetized rats, the termination of tail pinch results in augmented dopamine release in the shell.

[7] Moncrieff J (2008). The myth of the chemical cure. A critique of psychiatric drug treatment. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave MacMillan. ISBN 978-0-230-57432-8.

[8] Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Kollins SH, Wigal TL, Newcorn JH, Telang F, Fowler JS, Zhu W, Logan J, Ma Y, Pradhan K, Wong C, Swanson JM (September 2009). "Evaluating dopamine reward pathway in ADHD: clinical implications". JAMA. 302 (10): 1084–91. doi:10.1001/jama.2009.1308. PMC 2958516. PMID 19738093. Check date values in: |date= (help)

[NHS2021-9] "Dopamine infusion" (PDF). Kaaksés 13 October 2023.

[medscape2021-10] "Shock and Hypotension in the Newborn Medication: Alpha/Beta Adrenergic Agonists, Vasodilators, Inotropic agents, Volume Expanders, Antibiotics, Other". emedicine.medscape.com (ring Inggris). Kaaksés 13 October 2023.

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Pengawasan otoritas
Perpustakaan nasional	Prancis (data) Amerika Serikat Latvia Republik Ceko
Lain-lain	Microsoft Academic