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Antibiotik

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Antibiotik inggih punika soroh zat antimikroba sané aktif ring bakteri. Punika pinaka soroh agen antibakteri sane pinih utama anggen nglawan infeksi bakteri, lan tamba antibiotik akeh kaanggen ring pengobatan lan pencegahan infeksi sekadi punika. [1] [2] Ipun prasida ngamademang utawi nambakin panglimbak bakteri. Antibiotik sane kawatesin taler madue aktivitas antiprotozoa . [3] [4] Antibiotik nenten efektif majeng ring virus sekadi sane ngawinang pilek utawi influenza. [5] Obat sane ngambat pertumbuhan virus kasengguh obat antivirus utawi antivirus. Antibiotik taler nenten efektif majeng ring oong . Obat sane ngambatang pertumbuhan jamur kasengguh obat antijamur.

Kadang-kadang, istilah antibiotik —secara harfiah "nentang kahuripan", saking wit Yunani ἀντι anti, "nglawan" miwah βίος bios, "kahuripan"—katah kawigunayang pinaka zat napi manten sané kawigunayang nglawan mikroba, sakéwanten ring antibiotik sané katah kawigunayang olih minyak medis, mikroorganisme sane nglawan sane tiosan), nanging antibakteri non-antibiotik (sekadi sulfonamida lan antiseptik ) samian sintetis. Nanging, makakalih kelas madue efek sane pateh anggen ngamademang utawi nambakin pertumbuhan mikroorganisme, lan makakalih ngeranjing ring kemoterapi antimikroba . "Antibakteri" minakadi bakterisida, bakteriostatik, sabun antibakteri, miwah disinfektan kimia, nanging antibiotik inggih punika kelas antibakteri sane mabuat sane kawigunayang khususnyane ring kedokteran [6] lan kadang-kadang ring ajeng-ajengan ternak.

Ngawigunayang antibiotik pinih ajeng kapanggihin ring Sudan Utara, rikala krama Sudan kuno duk warsa 350-550 M sampun sistematis ngawigunayang antibiotik pinaka pahan saking ajeng-ajengan ipun. Panyelehan kimia saking kerangka Nubian nyinahang tetrasiklin sané ajeg miwah tegeh, pinaka antibiotik sané kuat. Para peneliti percaya dane ngaryanin minuman saking biji-bijian sane kafermentasi antuk Streptomyces, bakteri sane alami ngasilang tetrasiklin. Ngawigunayang antibiotik rutin sane kasengaja puniki nyihnayang momen dasar ring sejarah medis. [7] [8]

“Ngingetang akehnyane tetrasiklin irika, ipun patut uning napi sane kalaksanayang.” - Antropolog Biologi [9] .

Peradaban kuno tiosan rumasuk Mesir, Cina, Serbia, Yunani, miwah Roma, bukti salanturnyane nyihnayang aplikasi topikal roti berjamur anggen nambanin infeksi. [10]

Jadma kapertama sane langsung nyatet kawigunan cetakan anggen nambanin infeksi inggih punika John Parkinson (1567-1650). Antibiotik marevolusi kedokteran ring abad ka-20. Kemoterapi antibiotik sintetis pinaka ilmu miwah panglimbak antibakteri kakawitin ring Jerman sareng Paul Ehrlich duk panguntat warsa 1880-an. Alexander Fleming (1881-1955) manggihang penisilin modern duk warsa 1928, sane kawigunayang akeh sane mabukti mawiguna salami masa perang. Sulfonamida kapertama miwah tamba antibakteri sane aktif sistemis kapertama, Prontosil, kalimbakang olih tim peneliti sane kapimpin olih Gerhard Domagk duk warsa 1932 utawi 1933 ring Laboratorium Bayer saking konglomerat IG Farben ring Jerman. [11] [12]

Nanging, efektivitas lan akses sane dangan ring antibiotik taler sampun ngawinang kawigunannyane sane kalintang [13] lan makudang-kudang bakteri sampun ngalimbakang resistensi majeng ring antibiotik punika. [14] [15] [16] [17] Resistensi antimikroba (AMR), pidabdab sane mamargi alami, akehan katunjang olih penyalahgunaan miwah ngawigunayang antimikroba sane kalintang. [18] [19] Nanging, ring galah sane pateh, akeh jadma ring sajebag jagat nenten madue akses ring antimikroba sane mabuat. [19] Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia sampun ngeklasifikasiang AMR pinaka "ancaman serius sane sampun ngelimbak [sane] nenten malih dados panarka ring masa sane jagi rauh, puniki mamargi mangkin ring sajebag wawidangan jagate taler madue potensi sane prasida nglalahin sapa sira ugi, saking yusa napi kemanten, ring panegara napi kemanten". [20] Nyabran warsa, 5 yuta jadma sane padem mapaiketan sareng AMR ring sajebag jagat. [19] Kematian global sane kahubungan sareng AMR akehnyane 1,27 yuta ring warsa 2019. [21]

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  1. ↑ "Antibiotics". NHS. 5 June 2014. Kaarsipin saking versi asli tanggal 18 January 2015. Kaaksés 17 January 2015.
  2. ↑ "Factsheet for experts". European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Kaarsipin saking versi asli tanggal 21 December 2014. Kaaksés 21 December 2014.
  3. ↑ For example, metronidazole: "Metronidazole". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Kaarsipin saking versi asli tanggal 6 September 2015. Kaaksés 31 July 2015. Check date values in: |archive-date= (help)
  4. ↑ Chemical Analysis of Antibiotic Residues in Food. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2012. pp. 1–60. ISBN 978-1-4496-1459-1.
  5. ↑ "Why antibiotics can't be used to treat your cold or flu". www.health.qld.gov.au (ring Inggris). 6 May 2017. Kaarsipin saking versi asli tanggal 9 August 2020. Kaaksés 13 May 2020.
  6. ↑ "General Background: Antibiotic Agents". Alliance for the Prudent Use of Antibiotics. Kaarsipin saking versi asli tanggal 14 December 2014. Kaaksés 21 December 2014.
  7. ↑ Nelson, Mark L.; Dinardo, Andrew; Hochberg, Jeffery; Armelagos, George J. "Brief communication: Mass spectroscopic characterization of tetracycline in the skeletal remains of an ancient population from Sudanese Nubia 350–550 CE". American Journal of Physical Anthropology (ring Inggris). 143 (1): 151–154. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21340. ISSN 0002-9483.
  8. ↑ Bassett, Everett J.; Keith, Margaret S.; Armelagos, George J.; Martin, Debra L.; Villanueva, Antonio R. (1980-09-26). "Tetracycline-Labeled Human Bone from Ancient Sudanese Nubia (A.D. 350)". Science (ring Inggris). 209 (4464): 1532–1534. doi:10.1126/science.7001623. ISSN 0036-8075.
  9. ↑ "Ancient brew masters tapped antibiotic secrets". ScienceDaily (ring Inggris). Kaaksés 2025-06-08.
  10. ↑ Gould K (March 2016). "Antibiotics: from prehistory to the present day". Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 71 (3): 572–575. doi:10.1093/jac/dkv484. ISSN 0305-7453. PMID 26851273.
  11. ↑ Goodman LS, Gilman A (1941). The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. New York: Macmillan.
  12. ↑ Aminov RI (2010). "A brief history of the antibiotic era: lessons learned and challenges for the future". Frontiers in Microbiology. 1: 134. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2010.00134. PMC 3109405. PMID 21687759.
  13. ↑ Laxminarayan R, Duse A, Wattal C, Zaidi AK, Wertheim HF, Sumpradit N, Vlieghe E, Hara GL, Gould IM, Goossens H, Greko C, So AD, Bigdeli M, Tomson G, Woodhouse W, Ombaka E, Peralta AQ, Qamar FN, Mir F, Kariuki S, Bhutta ZA, Coates A, Bergstrom R, Wright GD, Brown ED, Cars O (December 2013). "Antibiotic resistance-the need for global solutions". The Lancet. Infectious Diseases. 13 (12): 1057–98. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(13)70318-9. PMID 24252483. Kaarsipin saking versi asli tanggal 10 June 2020. Kaaksés 25 August 2020. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  14. ↑ "Antibiotics". NHS. 5 June 2014. Kaarsipin saking versi asli tanggal 18 January 2015. Kaaksés 17 January 2015.
  15. ↑ "Public Confused About Antibiotic Resistance, WHO Says". Medscape Multispeciality. 16 November 2015. Kaarsipin saking versi asli tanggal 20 November 2015. Kaaksés 21 November 2015.
  16. ↑ Gould K (March 2016). "Antibiotics: from prehistory to the present day". The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 71 (3): 572–5. doi:10.1093/jac/dkv484. PMID 26851273.
  17. ↑ Gualerzi CO, Brandi L, Fabbretti A, Pon CL (4 December 2013). Antibiotics: Targets, Mechanisms and Resistance. John Wiley & Sons. p. 1. ISBN 978-3-527-33305-9.
  18. ↑ "About Antimicrobial Resistance". US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 22 April 2024. Kaaksés 11 October 2024.
  19. ↑ 19,0 19,1 19,2 "Better use of vaccines could reduce antibiotic use by 2.5 billion doses annually, says WHO". World Health Organization. 10 October 2024. Kaaksés 11 October 2024.
  20. ↑ Antimicrobial resistance: global report on surveillance (PDF). The World Health Organization. April 2014. ISBN 978-92-4-156474-8. Kaarsipin (PDF) saking versi asli tanggal 6 June 2016. Kaaksés 13 June 2016.
  21. ↑ Murray CJ, Ikuta KS, Sharara F, Swetschinski L, Robles Aguilar G, Gray A, Han C, Bisignano C, Rao P, Wool E, Johnson SC, Browne AJ, Chipeta MG, Fell F, Hackett S, Haines-Woodhouse G, Kashef Hamadani BH, Kumaran EA, McManigal B, Achalapong S, Agarwal R, Akech S, Albertson S, Amuasi J, Andrews J, Aravkin A, Ashley E, Babin F, Bailey F, Baker S (February 2022). "Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis". Lancet (ring English). 399 (10325): 629–655. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02724-0. PMC 8841637 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 35065702 Check |pmid= value (help).CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
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